Pharmacognosy intro
Aloe Vera has TWO pharmacologically distinct fractions. The GEL (inner leaf parenchyma) contains acemannan (PRIMARY), an acetylated beta-(1,4)-linked mannose polymer unique to Aloe and its pharmacological signature, along with glucomannans, glycoproteins (aloctin A), vitamins (A, C, E, B12, folic acid, choline), minerals (calcium, chromium, selenium, zinc, magnesium), and enzymes (bradykinase, catalase, lipase). The LATEX (yellow exudate) contains aloin A and B (barbaloin), anthraquinone glycoside LAXATIVE compounds, aloe-emodin, and emodin. Acemannan's PRIMARY mechanism is mannose receptor agonism on macrophages and dendritic cells, activating macrophages via NF-kB pathway while promoting M2 macrophage polarization in wound healing contexts (anti-inflammatory, tissue-remodeling phenotype). It stimulates production of both pro-inflammatory cytokines for infection defense AND tissue-repair cytokines. Acemannan plus glucomannans stimulate fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis. Bradykinase enzyme reduces bradykinin-mediated inflammation. Acemannan has been licensed as a veterinary immunostimulant for fibrosarcoma in cats and dogs. The latex fraction's aloin is hydrolyzed by colonic bacteria to aloe-emodin, stimulating colonic motility.