Pharmacognosy intro
Salvia rosmarinus (syn. Rosmarinus officinalis L.), Lamiaceae. Leaves, flowering tops, and steam-distilled essential oil. Three chemotypes shape clinical use: CT-cineole (cognitive), CT-camphor (circulatory), CT-verbenone (mucolytic). European Pharmacopoeia, USP-NF listed; FDA GRAS (21 CFR 182.10). Primary actives are diterpene phenolics (carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid) and volatile monoterpenes (1,8-cineole at 20-50%, alpha-pinene at 9-14%, camphor at 5-20%). Ursolic acid contributes additional anti-inflammatory activity. Cognitive effects rest on multi-target cholinergic enhancement. Rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid inhibit AChE and BChE, raising synaptic acetylcholine. 1,8-Cineole competitively inhibits AChE and crosses the blood-brain barrier via olfactory mucosa within five minutes. Carnosic acid activates the Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway by reacting with Keap1 cysteine residues (Cys151, Cys288), upregulating HO-1, NQO1, and GST. Carnosol suppresses NF-kappaB, reducing TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6. PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pro-survival pathways provide further neuroprotection. Moss and Oliver (2012, n=66) found rosemary inhalation significantly enhanced prospective memory, with plasma 1,8-cineole correlating directly with cognitive improvement. Pengelly et al. (2012) showed 750 mg dried leaf improved memory speed in older adults, though 6,000 mg impaired it, confirming an inverted-U dose response. Filiptsova et al. (2017, n=80) documented reduced cortisol and anxiety under examination stress. Inhalation increases cerebral blood flow via nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation. The net profile is rare: increased EEG beta-wave activity alongside reduced cortisol. Contraindicated in pregnancy and epilepsy. May potentiate anticoagulants and interact with CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 substrates. CT-cineole preferred; CT-camphor carries neurotoxic risk at high doses.