CrystalisCrystal Dictionary

Crystalis Crystal Dictionary

Dragon Blood Jasper

The Dragon's Courage

Your courage has been trying too hard to stay presentable. Dragon blood jasper pairs green epidote with red piemontite staining, vitality that looks like evidence of something survived. Bravery can carry its own marks.

Intent

Transformation & Change
Anger & BoundariesCourageVitality & Desire
Add to journalFind pairingsTake Sacred Match
Somatic note

Dragon blood jasper works the Heart and Root chakras simultaneously -- the green epidote opens the heart center while the red piemontite activates the life force at...

The Meaning

Dragon Blood Jasper in the Crystalis dictionary

Courage gets better when it stops trying to look clean.

Dragon blood jasper pairs green epidote-rich ground with deep red patches that look like old blood caught in stone. Conflict and vitality are already sharing the same surface. The myth comes later.

Sometimes the psyche needs an older version of bravery.

Stone Lore

Stories carried through time

Cultural notes are presented as tradition and historical context — stories carried through time.

Western Australia, Pilbara Region, Archean Eon (3.0-3.5 billion years ago)

Among the Oldest Rocks on Earth

Dragon blood jasper, more accurately called dragon blood stone or dragon stone, is a combination of green epidote (or fuchsite) and red piemontite (or iron-rich minerals) found primarily in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The Pilbara Craton contains some of the oldest exposed rocks on Earth, dating to the Archean Eon (3. 0-3. 5 billion years ago). The red and green mineral assemblage formed through metamorphism of ancient iron-rich sedimentary and volcanic rocks.

This stone carries geological time measured in billions, not millions; it was ancient when the first multicellular life evolved.

Origin lore

The Trade Name and the Dragon

The trade name 'dragon blood jasper' emerged from the gem trade in the late 20th century, drawing on the visual resemblance between the stone's red and green patterns and mythological images of dragon's blood on green scales. Despite the...

South African Sources · 20th century onward

Ritual history

The Warrior Stone

Dragon blood jasper entered the crystal practice market in earnest in the 2000s, rapidly becoming a remarkably popular stone for work involving courage, vitality, and personal strength. Practitioners assigned it simultaneously to the root...

Crystal Practice Community · 2000s-present

Earth Record

Mineralogy and formation

Variety of Jasper

Formation occurs during low-to-medium grade regional metamorphism of mafic volcanic rocks (basalts, andesites) or their tuffaceous equivalents. When these iron-and-calcium-rich volcanic rocks are subjected to metamorphic conditions -- temperatures of approximately 300-500 degrees Celsius and moderate pressures -- the original ignite minerals (pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine) break down and recrystallize as epidote, quartz, chlorite, and associated minerals.

The epidote provides the green coloration: its iron (Fe3+) content produces the characteristic pistachio to forest green hues. Where manganese was available in the parent rock, piemontite forms instead of or alongside epidote, producing deep red to burgundy zones.

The dramatic green-and-red patterning results from heterogeneous distribution of iron and manganese in the original volcanic rock. Where iron dominated, green epidote crystallized. Where manganese dominated, red piemontite formed. The two minerals are chemically related -- piemontite is essentially epidote with manganese substituting for aluminum and iron -- but their visual contrast is striking.

The resulting stone shows bold patches, swirls, and veins of green and red that can look genuinely organic, as though something alive bled into something growing.

The primary source material comes from Precambrian greenstone belts -- ancient volcanic sequences that have undergone billions of years of metamorphism. The Western Australian Pilbara Craton and the South African Barberton Greenstone Belt produce the best-known specimens, with the Australian material generally more vivid and the South African material often richer in red piemontite.

Mohs hardness of 6. 5-7 reflects the mixed quartz and epidote composition. Specific gravity is approximately 3. 0-3. 5, denser than pure quartz due to the epidote and piemontite content.

Mixed (monoclinic epidote + trigonal quartz) structure

Chemical Formula
SiO2 + epidote + piemontite
Crystal System
Mixed (monoclinic epidote + trigonal quartz)
Mohs Hardness
6.5
Specific Gravity
3.0-3.5
Luster
Vitreous to waxy
Color
Green with red spots and veins
IMA Status
trade_name
IMA Number
No IMA number (trade name, parent Jasper pre-IMA)
01

Mineral conditions gather

02

Structure begins to crystallize

03

Dragon Blood Jasper records place and pressure

Western AustraliaSouth Africa

Telling it apart

Dragon blood jasper is neither jasper nor bloodstone, despite the visual similarity of green matrix with red spots. It is an epidosite, a metamorphic rock composed of epidote (green) and piemontite (red, manganese-bearing epidote) with microcrystalline quartz. The red in dragon blood jasper comes from manganese (Mn3+) in piemontite, not from iron oxide (hematite) as in true bloodstone.

True bloodstone (heliotrope) is dark green chalcedony (quartz) with red hematite spots, entirely different in composition. The distinction matters for hardness and toughness: dragon blood jasper runs 6. 5 to 7 as a composite, similar to bloodstone, but specific gravity is higher at 2. 70 to 3. 10 due to the denser epidote component, versus bloodstone at 2. 58 to 2. 64. Under magnification, dragon blood jasper's green zones show the pistachio-green crystalline texture of epidote rather than the waxy translucent green of chalcedony.

Most material comes from western Australia. Sellers who label it as bloodstone or heliotrope are misidentifying the rock because the mineralogy, coloring mechanism, and geological origin are all different. The epidote-piemontite composition makes this stone unique among green-and-red ornamental materials.

Spotting the real thing

Color Integration Genuine dragon blood jasper shows green and red that are integrated into the stone's structure, the colors grow from within, with natural boundaries, gradients, and mixing zones. Dyed or painted stones show color sitting on the surface, pooling in cracks, or appearing unnaturally uniform. The green-red boundary in real dragon blood jasper is geological, not geometric.

Look for the organic, irregular patterns that metamorphism produces. Hardness Verification Dragon blood jasper (Mohs 6. 5-7) will scratch glass. Test on an inconspicuous corner. If the stone cannot scratch glass, it may be dyed or reconstituted material with lower hardness. Genuine epidote-piemontite-quartz aggregate is hard and dense. Fakes made from softer stones (serpentine, dyed howlite) will fail the glass scratch test.

Density Check Dragon blood jasper is noticeably dense in the hand, specific gravity 3. 0-3. 5, heavier than pure quartz.

Cross-referenceMindat ↗

Energetic Associations

How people most often work with Dragon Blood Jasper

Transformation & Change

A traditional association that gives Dragon Blood Jasper a clear intention pathway in practice.

Anger & Boundaries

A traditional association that gives Dragon Blood Jasper a clear intention pathway in practice.

Courage

A traditional association that gives Dragon Blood Jasper a clear intention pathway in practice.

Vitality & Desire

A traditional association that gives Dragon Blood Jasper a clear intention pathway in practice.

Primary pathway: New Beginnings

Energy & VitalityInner PeaceProtection

Charged & on alert

The Armored Heart

Your heart is behind a wall. Not because you do not feel; because you feel too much and the only defense your nervous system found was to armor the chest with tension, anger, or numbness. The sympathetic activation is running as a perpetual guard: muscles tight across the sternum, breath shallow in the upper chest, jaw clenched. You are strong but you cannot be touched. You are surviving but you are not alive in the way that requires vulnerability.

Dragon blood jasper addresses this directly: the green and the red exist in the same stone. The heart-opening (green) and the vitality (red) were never separated. The stone demonstrates that you do not need to choose between being soft and being strong. The earth made both in the same metamorphic event.

Shut down & far away

The Depleted Fighter

You fought for too long. The adrenaline has run out. The reserves are gone. What remains is a body that has been in sympathetic overdrive for so long that it has dropped into dorsal vagal collapse; not because the fight is over, but because the body cannot sustain the effort anymore. You need rest but you also need to recover the fire, and those feel like contradictory needs. Dragon blood jasper's red piemontite directly addresses the vitality deficit.

The manganese-iron combination provides a slow, earthy reignition; not a spike of energy but a rekindling. The green epidote simultaneously opens the heart to receive support, nourishment, and the gentleness that the depleted fighter has been refusing.

Settled & connected

The Bloodstone Divide

You oscillate. One moment you are all fire; reactive, defensive, ready to fight. The next you are flat; retreated, shut down, unreachable. There is no middle ground. The nervous system swings between sympathetic overdrive and dorsal collapse without ever landing in the integrated state where both can exist. This is the pattern dragon blood jasper was made for. The green and the red are not alternating layers.

They are simultaneous. The heart is open and the blood is hot in the same rock, at the same time, because the metamorphic conditions that produced one also produced the other. The stone models the integration the nervous system is failing to achieve on its own.

Settled & connected

The Courageous Heart

You are open and you are strong. The heart is unarmored and the life force is fully online. This is not fearlessness; it is the willingness to feel everything and act anyway. Your boundaries are clear not because they are walls but because your vitality is strong enough to hold them without rigidity. Compassion flows outward from a center that is warm, not depleted. Dragon blood jasper in this state is a power stone; it mirrors and amplifies the integration you have achieved.

The green says: your heart is open. The red says: your blood is alive. Together they say: this is what courage actually looks like when it is not performed but lived.

These associations come from tradition and reflective practice — a way of working with the stone, not a medical prescription.

Somatic Practice

Simple ways to work with Dragon Blood Jasper

Hold

Carry Dragon Blood Jasper in a pocket or place it over the heart center during a pause.

Meditate

Let the stone become a quiet tactile anchor while the breath slows.

Breathe

Breathe in softness. Breathe out tension. Keep the practice simple.

Journal

Write with Dragon Blood Jasper nearby to name the feeling without forcing a conclusion.

Bodywork

Rest the stone near the chest, hand, or bedside as a reminder to soften.

Environment

Place it where you want a visual cue for care, repair, or steadiness.

Field Instruction

The Dragon Pulse

The Dragon Pulse Protocol

3 min protocol
  1. 1

    Color Scan (30 seconds)Hold the dragon blood jasper in both hands, palms up. Open your eyes and scan the stone slowly. Find the green first -- let your eyes rest on a patch of epidote. Breathe into it. Green is the heart frequency: growth, opening, compassion, the willingness to be touched by what is alive. Now find the red. Let your eyes move to a piemontite zone. Breathe into it. Red is the root frequency: blood, heat, survival, the refusal to be consumed. Notice where the green and red meet. That border -- that is where your work lives today.

  2. 2

    Heart Press (40 seconds)Press the dragon blood jasper flat against the center of your chest -- the heart center, directly over the sternum. Green side facing your body if the stone has a dominant green face; otherwise, any orientation is fine. Close your eyes. Inhale through the nose for 3 counts. Exhale through the mouth for 6 counts through the mouth. Three full cycles. With each exhale, imagine the stone's green penetrating the chest wall -- not forcing the heart open but reminding it that opening is safe. The red is behind it, standing guard. The heart can open because the vitality is watching the perimeter.

  3. 3

    Root Activation (40 seconds)Move the stone from your heart to your lower belly -- below the navel, above the pubic bone. Press firmly but not painfully. This is the root-sacral junction where life force energy pools. Breathe in for 4 counts, directing the breath down to where the stone rests. Hold for 2 counts. Exhale for 5 counts. Three cycles. Feel the stone's weight against your abdomen. The red piemontite in the stone is manganese and iron -- the same elements that carry oxygen in your blood. The resonance is not metaphorical. Iron calls to iron. The stone is reminding your blood to circulate with purpose.

  4. 4

    The Bridge (40 seconds)Hold the stone at the midpoint between heart and root -- at the solar plexus, just below the ribcage. This is the bridge point. Press gently. Eyes closed. Breathe naturally for six breaths -- no counted rhythm, just whatever pace your body chooses. As you breathe, visualize a current running from the green (heart) through the stone to the red (root) and back. Up and down. Compassion and vitality. The solar plexus is where these energies meet in the body. The stone is the physical bridge. By the sixth breath, the current should feel like one flow, not two -- a warm, green-red circulation that does not distinguish between tenderness and strength.

  5. 5

    Grip and Release (30 seconds)Take the dragon blood jasper in your dominant hand. Make a fist around it. Squeeze hard -- as hard as you can for 5 seconds. Feel the stone resist. Mohs 6.5-7 does not yield to your grip. Now release. Open the hand completely. Let the stone sit in your open palm. The grip was your strength. The open palm is your heart. Both used the same hand. Both held the same stone. Place it in your pocket or on your desk. Throughout the day, when you need to access both courage and compassion, touch it once. One second. The green and the red, together.

Stone Intelligence

The fact that makes Dragon Blood Jasper memorable

The green in your dragon blood jasper is epidote: calcium aluminum iron silicate, the iron catching light in a specific oxidation state that the eye reads as forest. The red is piemontite: the same mineral family but with manganese replacing some of the aluminum and iron, producing a wavelength the eye reads as blood. They crystallized together in the same metamorphic event, from the same parent rock, under the same pressure.

Three billion years ago, a volcanic seafloor was buried, compressed, and heated until its minerals reorganized into something the original basalt could never have imagined. Crystalis documents both the petrology and the practice because the stone never separated them. The heart-mineral and the blood-mineral grew together, and whatever the dragon was, it did not distinguish between its green and its red.

SCI

On Archean granites, greenstones, cratons and tectonics: does the evidence demand a verdict? Precambrian Research, 91(1-2), 181-226

Precambrian Research · 1998Read source

SCI

Review of the Pilbara Craton and Fortescue Basin

Episodes · 2012Read source

SCI

Physical and chemical properties of the epidote minerals

Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · 2004Read source

SCI

Volcanic degassing, hydrothermal circulation and the flourishing of early life on Earth

Chemical Geology · 2006Read source

Ritual Use

From reference to practice

Dragon Blood Jasper in ritual practice

Dragon blood jasper works the Heart and Root chakras simultaneously. the green epidote opens the heart center while the red piemontite activates the life force at the root. In somatic practice, this dual activation addresses the split between vulnerability and strength that many people carry as a fundamental nervous system pattern.

The Armored Heart (nervous system pattern: SYMPATHETIC. heart closed behind a wall of protective anger or vigilance) Your heart is behind a wall. Not because you do not feel. because you feel too much and the only defense your nervous system found was to armor the chest with tension, anger, or numbness. The sympathetic activation is running as a perpetual guard: muscles tight across the sternum, breath shallow in the upper chest, jaw clenched.

You are strong but you cannot be touched. You are surviving but you are not alive in the way that requires vulnerability. Dragon blood jasper addresses this directly: the green and the red exist in the same stone. The heart-opening (green) and the vitality (red) were never separated. The stone demonstrates that you do not need to choose between being soft and being strong. The earth made both in the same metamorphic event.

The Depleted Fighter (nervous system pattern: DORSAL VAGAL. exhaustion after prolonged battle, life force spent, vitality collapsed) You fought for too long. The adrenaline has run out. The reserves are gone. What remains is a body that has been in sympathetic overdrive for so long that it has dropped into dorsal vagal collapse. not because the fight is over, but because the body cannot sustain the effort anymore.

You need rest but you also need to recover the fire, and those feel like contradictory needs. Dragon blood jasper's red piemontite directly addresses the vitality deficit. The manganese-iron combination provides a slow, earthy reignition. not a spike of energy but a rekindling. The green epidote simultaneously opens the heart to receive support, nourishment, and the gentleness that the depleted fighter has been refusing.

The Split (nervous system pattern: DORSAL-SYMPATHETIC OSCILLATION. alternating between aggressive defense and collapsed withdrawal) You oscillate. One moment you are all fire. reactive, defensive, ready to fight. The next you are flat. retreated, shut down, unreachable. There is no middle ground. The nervous system swings between sympathetic overdrive and dorsal collapse without ever landing in the integrated state where both can exist.

Sacred Match

Sacred Match reaches for Dragon Blood Jasper when what you feel sounds like:

  • Heart closed to protect yourself from more hurt
  • Exhaustion after prolonged caregiving or fighting
  • Needing courage to be vulnerable
  • Oscillating between rage and shutdown
  • Feeling like softness is a weakness
  • Loss of vitality, passion, or physical energy
  • Needing to set boundaries without losing compassion

Dragon blood jasper finds you when the heart and the life force have been split -- when you have learned to be strong by being closed, or tender by being weak, and the integration has collapsed. This stone arrives to demonstrate that the earth itself makes tenderness and ferocity in the same geological event. The epidote opened green. The piemontite bled red. They did not choose. The metamorphism required both.

Dragon blood jasper comes forward when you need to learn that your courage is not the enemy of your compassion -- it is the evidence that your compassion runs deep enough to require protection.

Take Sacred Match

Pairings Recipe File

Stones and herbs that harmonize with Dragon Blood Jasper

Crystalis crystal and herb pairing recipe box
Pairings are treated like a recipe file: clear use, method, and safety.

Crystal Companion

Dragon Blood Jasper + Amethyst

Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.

Crystal Companion

Dragon Blood Jasper + Rhodonite

Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.

Crystal Companion

Dragon Blood Jasper + Clear Quartz

Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.

Crystal Companion

Dragon Blood Jasper + Black Tourmaline

Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.

Rose Quartz

Dragon blood jasper brings the fire of courage. Rose quartz brings the gentleness of unconditional love. Together they address the full spectrum of heart-centered work: rose quartz softens what is rigid, dragon blood jasper strengthens what is weak. This pairing is for people recovering from heartbreak who need to rebuild both the capacity to love (rose quartz) and the courage to try again (dragon blood jasper). The tender and the fierce, holding hands.

Black Tourmaline

Dragon blood jasper opens and activates -- it is not a defensive stone, it is an offensive one. Black tourmaline adds the protective boundary that allows dragon blood jasper's heart-opening to happen safely. Together they create a field where the heart can be open (dragon blood) while the perimeter is secure (tourmaline). This pairing is essential for empaths and healers who need both vulnerability and protection simultaneously.

Garnet

Both stones activate the root chakra and both carry iron. But garnet is fire -- passionate, sexual, creative combustion. Dragon blood jasper is controlled burn -- vitality channeled through the heart, power directed by compassion. Together they create a full root-and-heart activation that is both passionate and purposeful. This pairing is for creative projects, physical training, and any endeavor where sustained intensity matters more than brief bursts.

Green Aventurine

Both stones carry green and both work the heart chakra, but their approaches differ. Green aventurine is gentle, optimistic, lucky -- it opens the heart to possibility. Dragon blood jasper is fierce, grounded, earthy -- it opens the heart to power. Together they provide the full range of heart energy: hope and strength, possibility and action, gentleness and courage. This pairing is for people starting something new who need both faith and fire.

Care & Cleansing

How to keep Dragon Blood Jasper in good condition

Water Safe?

Water safe

This stone is generally safe for short water contact, though polishing, fractures, and metal settings can still change how a specimen behaves.

Sunlight Safe?

Sunlight safe

Tolerates daylight; safe to charge or display in the sun.

Authenticity

What to check

Natural Dragon Blood Jasper should usually feel cooler than plastic or resin on first touch and warm more slowly in the hand.

The #1 Question Can Dragon Blood Jasper Go in Water? YES: WATER SAFE Dragon blood jasper is fully water safe. The epidote-piemontite-quartz composition gives dragon blood jasper a Mohs hardness of 6. 5-7 and chemical stability in water. None of the component minerals are water-soluble, and the dense microcrystalline structure does not absorb water or degrade with aquatic exposure. Running water rinse: safe; simple and effective everyday cleansing Soaking: safe for extended periods; the structure is unaffected by prolonged water contact Salt water: safe with normal caution; brief saltwater exposure is fine, avoid prolonged soaking which can dull polish Gem water preparation: safe for direct method; dragon blood jasper is non-toxic and water-insoluble Natural water: safe to cleanse in streams or rain; the component minerals are naturally water-resistant One note: polished dragon blood jasper specimens may show a slight dulling of their surface polish after repeated water exposure.

This is a cosmetic issue, not a structural one. The stone remains intact and energetically functional. If maintaining a high polish is important, use dry cleansing methods (selenite plate, smoke) as the primary method and reserve water for periodic deep cleansing.

Temperature

Natural Dragon Blood Jasper should usually feel cooler than plastic or resin on first touch and warm more slowly in the hand.

Scratch logic

Use 6.5 on the Mohs scale as the check, not internet myths. A real specimen should behave in line with the hardness listed above.

Surface and luster

Look for a vitreous to waxy surface quality rather than a painted or plastic shine.

Weight and density

The listed specific gravity is 3.0-3.5. If a specimen feels unusually light for its size, it may deserve a second look.

My Field Guide

Your private record and next steps

Crystalis field notebook with botanical sketches and rose quartz

Journal

Add this stone to your private collection, then log what happened when you worked with it.

Shared Notes

Read public practice logs and pattern notes from the Crystalis community.

Open shared notes

Sacred Match

Find crystal, herb, and intention pairings that resonate with your season.

Find your match

Shop Dragon Blood Jasper

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Frequently Asked

Questions people ask about Dragon Blood Jasper

What is dragon blood jasper?

Dragon blood jasper is a microcrystalline quartz aggregate (SiO2) containing green epidote and red piemontite that create its characteristic green and red coloring. Found primarily in Western Australia and South Africa, the green portions are epidote (a calcium aluminum iron silicate) and the red portions are piemontite (a manganese-bearing epidote). Despite its common name, it is technically not a jasper but rather an epidosite, a metamorphic rock composed primarily of epidote group minerals and quartz.

Can dragon blood jasper go in water?

Yes. Dragon blood jasper is water safe. With a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7 and a dense, non-porous microcrystalline structure, it is chemically stable and structurally sound in water. All standard water cleansing methods are safe, including running water rinses, soaking, and gem water preparation.

Why is dragon blood jasper green and red?

The green color comes from epidote (Ca2(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)3(OH)), an iron-bearing calcium aluminum silicate. The red color comes from piemontite (Ca2(Al,Mn3+,Fe3+)3(SiO4)3(OH)), a manganese-bearing member of the epidote group. The manganese in piemontite produces the deep red to burgundy tones, while iron in epidote produces the forest green. Both minerals formed during low-to-medium grade metamorphism of the host rock.

Is dragon blood jasper actually jasper?

Technically, no. True jasper is an opaque variety of microcrystalline quartz (chalcedony) colored by iron oxide inclusions. Dragon blood jasper is more accurately classified as an epidosite, a metamorphic rock composed primarily of epidote and quartz, with piemontite providing the red coloration. The trade name 'dragon blood jasper' persists because it is commercially effective, but mineralogically the material is distinct from true jasper.

What chakra is dragon blood jasper?

Dragon blood jasper primarily activates the heart chakra (Anahata) through its green epidote component and the root chakra (Muladhara) through its red piemontite component. This dual activation, heart and root simultaneously, makes it a stone of courageous compassion: the heart opens (green) while the body stays grounded and vital (red). Practitioners use it when both love and strength are needed.

Sources & Citations

Where this entry can be checked

Crystalis source notebook and citation desk

Back Matter

Readable for people. Structured for AI search.

Sources stay visible in the page so readers, search engines, and answer systems can follow the evidence trail.
  1. 01

    SCI

    On Archean granites, greenstones, cratons and tectonics: does the evidence demand a verdict? Precambrian Research, 91(1-2), 181-226

    De Wit, M.J. (1998). On Archean granites, greenstones, cratons and tectonics: does the evidence demand a verdict? Precambrian Research, 91(1-2), 181-226. Precambrian Research. [SCI]DOI 10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00043-6
  2. 02

    SCI

    Review of the Pilbara Craton and Fortescue Basin

    Hickman, A.H. (2012). Review of the Pilbara Craton and Fortescue Basin. Episodes. [SCI]DOI 10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i1/026
  3. 03

    SCI

    Physical and chemical properties of the epidote minerals

    Franz, G. & Liebscher, A. (2004). Physical and chemical properties of the epidote minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. [SCI]DOI 10.2138/gsrmg.56.1.1
  4. 04

    SCI

    Volcanic degassing, hydrothermal circulation and the flourishing of early life on Earth

    Van Kranendonk, M.J. (2006). Volcanic degassing, hydrothermal circulation and the flourishing of early life on Earth. Chemical Geology. [SCI]DOI 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.024
  5. 05

    SCI

    Manganese in monoclinic members of the epidote group

    Bonazzi, P. & Menchetti, S. (2004). Manganese in monoclinic members of the epidote group. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. [SCI]DOI 10.2138/gsrmg.56.1.495