The darker places are starting to reflect something you did not expect. Golden sheen obsidian is volcanic glass with oriented nanoparticle inclusions that create a warm flash inside a black body. Sometimes the shadow carries its own light.
Intent
Self Expression
Self-AwarenessProtection & GroundingConfidence & Power
Golden Sheen Obsidian works primarily with the solar plexus chakra, with secondary influence on the root. Its unique quality in the obsidian family is the combination...
Overview
The heart of the entry
Shadow has started throwing back signal. Golden sheen obsidian keeps volcanic black glass at the base and overlays it...
Mineralogy
Obsidian
The golden sheen moves across the surface like light on dark water. Golden sheen obsidian is volcanic glass...
Formation
How it forms
Amorphous system — earth conditions, structure, and place.
Crystal system diagram represents the general amorphous classification. Diagram created by Crystalis for educational reference.
What your body knows
Self Expression
Golden Sheen Obsidian works primarily with the solar plexus chakra, with secondary influence on the root. Its unique quality in the obsidian family is the combination...
The Meaning
Golden Sheen Obsidian in the Crystalis dictionary
Shadow has started throwing back signal.
Golden sheen obsidian keeps volcanic black glass at the base and overlays it with a bronze-gold glow produced by aligned inclusions or gas-bubble effects from cooling. The dark remains fully present. It is simply catching light differently now.
Confidence sometimes grows that way.
Stone Lore
Stories carried through time
Cultural notes are presented as tradition and historical context — stories carried through time.
Mesoamerican Civilizations
The Aztec Mirror Stone
Obsidian held central importance in Mesoamerican civilizations from the Olmec through the Aztec periods. The Aztec deity Tezcatlipoca — Smoking Mirror — was directly named for obsidian's reflective properties. Aztec artisans at workshops near the Sierra de las Navajas obsidian source in Hidalgo, Mexico produced polished obsidian mirrors, sacrificial blades, and ornamental objects.
Golden sheen obsidian, with its internal chatoyant flash caused by aligned nanoscale cristobalite or magnetite inclusions, would have appeared among these volcanic glass flows. Archaeological evidence from Teotihuacan and Tenochtitlan confirms extensive obsidian trade networks spanning hundreds of kilometers, with different source localities producing distinct visual varieties. The golden reflective quality in sheen obsidian aligned with solar imagery in Aztec cosmology.
1200 BCE-1521 CE
Historical note
The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Source
Geologists mapping the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt identified the specific rhyolitic lava flows that produce golden sheen obsidian, primarily in the states of Jalisco, Chihuahua, and Mexico. The golden sheen effect results from oriented...
Mexican Volcanic Geology · 1900s-present
Historical note
The X-Ray Fluorescence Revolution
Archaeologists beginning in the 1960s developed X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and neutron activation analysis techniques to fingerprint obsidian artifacts to their volcanic source flows, transforming obsidian from a decorative artifact into a...
Archaeological Obsidian Sourcing · 1960s-present
Historical note
The Cabochon Specialist Stone
Golden sheen obsidian gained recognition in the international lapidary community during the 1980s when Mexican dealers began marketing polished spheres, cabochons, and freeform pieces that showcased the dramatic golden flash. Lapidaries...
The golden sheen moves across the surface like light on dark water. Golden sheen obsidian is volcanic glass (approximately 70 to 75 percent SiO2) that cooled so rapidly from rhyolitic lava that atoms had no time to organize into crystals. The golden metallic luster comes from oriented nanoparticle inclusions, probably cristobalite or magnetite, aligned in flow bands during the lava's final moments of movement before solidifying.
The inclusions are too small to see individually but their collective alignment creates directional reflectance visible when the stone is rotated. Mohs 5 to 5. 5, conchoidal fracture, amorphous structure. Most material comes from Mexico. Like all obsidian, it is metastable: given geological time, it will devitrify into crystalline minerals. Every obsidian specimen is geologically young.
Crystal system diagram represents the general amorphous classification. Diagram created by Crystalis for educational reference.
Amorphous structure
Chemical Formula
SiO2 (volcanic glass)
Crystal System
Amorphous
Mohs Hardness
5
Specific Gravity
2.35-2.60
Luster
Vitreous
Color
Black with golden sheen
IMA Status
variety
IMA Number
Not IMA-approved
01
Mineral conditions gather
02
Structure begins to crystallize
03
Golden Sheen Obsidian records place and pressure
MexicoUSA
Telling it apart
Golden sheen obsidian is volcanic glass with a directional golden metallic flash caused by aligned microscopic inclusions (gas bubbles or magnetite nanoparticles) oriented parallel to the original lava flow. It is confused with golden sheen sapphire, tiger eye, and bronzite. The amorphous structure separates it from all crystalline look-alikes: obsidian stays dark between crossed polarizers (isotropic), while tiger eye and bronzite show extinction patterns.
Hardness at Mohs 5 to 5. 5 is lower than tiger eye (6. 5 to 7), and specific gravity at 2. 35 to 2. 60 is lighter than bronzite (3. 2 to 3. 5). The golden sheen appears only at specific viewing angles relative to the inclusion alignment, vanishing when the stone is rotated. Conchoidal fracture with sharp edges is standard obsidian behavior. Some sellers market any dark stone with golden flash as golden sheen obsidian, including coated glass and resin.
Genuine material comes primarily from Mexico and shows the sheen as an internal phenomenon, not a surface coating; rotating the stone should reveal the flash moving within the body of the glass. If the golden effect appears only on the polished surface and not within the interior, the stone has been coated.
Spotting the real thing
Directional Sheen Genuine Golden Sheen Obsidian displays a directional golden flash that moves across the surface as you tilt the stone. The sheen should appear at specific angles and disappear at others, it is an internal optical effect, not a surface coating. Artificial gold coatings (aura-treated obsidian) show uniform golden color at all angles and lack the directional flash.
The sheen should feel like it lives inside the stone, not on top of it. Dark Base Color The base color of genuine Golden Sheen Obsidian is dark brown to black. The golden sheen appears as a reflective overlay on this dark base. If the stone appears uniformly golden or amber (rather than dark with a golden flash), it may be a different material, possibly amber, golden agate, or dyed glass.
The contrast between dark base and golden sheen is diagnostic.
You are performing a version of yourself that is exhausting to maintain. Every interaction is a show; calibrated, managed, curated. Your sympathetic system is in constant low-grade activation because the performance requires vigilance: monitoring how you are being perceived, adjusting the mask in real time, suppressing the parts that do not fit the character. You are tired but you cannot stop because stopping feels like exposure, and exposure feels like annihilation.
Golden Sheen Obsidian enters this state as the moment the spotlight catches something real behind the performance; a flash of gold in the dark glass, genuine and unrehearsed. The sheen does not demand that you drop the act. It shows you what you are hiding behind it. And what you are hiding is not ugly. It is golden.
Chronic performance-based social engagement reflects sympathetic activation disguised as ventral vagal social behavior. The social smile is maintained through muscular effort rather than genuine warmth, and the nervous system is simultaneously engaging (performing) and defending (monitoring for social threat). Golden Sheen Obsidian's solar plexus activation addresses the power center that governs authenticity vs. performance; the question of whether your presence comes from conviction or from management.
Shut down & far away
The Shadow Vault
You have locked parts of yourself away so thoroughly that you have forgotten the combination. The anger you were told was unacceptable. The ambition you were shamed for having. The desire that did not fit the family narrative. These aspects did not die when you suppressed them; they were deposited in the shadow, and the shadow grew heavy with their weight. Dorsal vagal shutdown of the shadow material is energetically expensive: it takes constant unconscious effort to keep the vault door closed.
Your fatigue is not from what you are doing. It is from what you are holding down. Golden Sheen Obsidian illuminates the vault. The golden flash across the dark surface is literally light finding its way into darkness; and what the light finds is not the monster you feared. It is gold.
Shadow suppression represents dorsal vagal immobilization of specific emotional and behavioral capacities that were learned to be dangerous. The nervous system expends significant metabolic resources maintaining the suppression, contributing to chronic fatigue, depression, and the subjective sense of carrying invisible weight. Golden Sheen Obsidian's illumination quality addresses the dorsal shutdown by reframing the suppressed material as resource rather than threat.
Settled & connected
The Ego Earthquake
Something has cracked your self-image. Not destroyed it; cracked it, which is worse because now you can see through the fissures to something underneath that you were not prepared to meet. Feedback, failure, a moment of radical honesty from someone who loves you; the ego took a hit, and now the nervous system oscillates between defending the old image (sympathetic: fight to restore the narrative) and collapsing under the implications (dorsal: the image was always incomplete).
Golden Sheen Obsidian does not repair the crack. It illuminates what the crack reveals. The golden sheen appears only when the stone is tilted at the right angle; and the ego earthquake has tilted you. What you are seeing through the crack is not your deficiency. It is your depth.
Ego disruption produces autonomic instability because the nervous system's safety predictions depend on a coherent self-model. When the self-model is cracked, the prediction system oscillates between defensive restoration (sympathetic) and overwhelmed collapse (dorsal). Golden Sheen Obsidian supports the integration process by providing a solar plexus anchor for the emerging, more complete self-image; one that includes the shadow material previously excluded.
Settled & connected
The Whole Reflection
You can look at yourself without performing, without flinching, without editing. The shadow is not separate from you; it is part of the reflection, and the reflection is complete. You see the ambition you suppressed, the anger you hid, the desire you locked away, and you see them not as flaws but as energy that was waiting to be integrated. The golden sheen across the dark glass is the visual of this state: darkness and light in the same surface, visible simultaneously.
You are not good or bad. You are whole. And wholeness has a golden shimmer to it; the shimmer of everything you ever were, finally allowed to catch the light.
Full ventral vagal engagement with an integrated self-model produces the subjective experience of wholeness, self-acceptance, and authentic presence. The energy previously consumed by shadow suppression is now available for creative, relational, and vocational engagement. The nervous system operates from a wider window of tolerance because the previously excluded material no longer threatens to destabilize the self-model.
These associations come from tradition and reflective practice — a way of working with the stone, not a medical prescription.
Somatic Practice
Simple ways to work with Golden Sheen Obsidian
◇
Hold
Carry Golden Sheen Obsidian in a pocket or place it over the heart center during a pause.
◌
Meditate
Let the stone become a quiet tactile anchor while the breath slows.
☽
Breathe
Breathe in softness. Breathe out tension. Keep the practice simple.
✎
Journal
Write with Golden Sheen Obsidian nearby to name the feeling without forcing a conclusion.
✋
Bodywork
Rest the stone near the chest, hand, or bedside as a reminder to soften.
⌂
Environment
Place it where you want a visual cue for care, repair, or steadiness.
Field Instruction
The Golden Mirror
The Golden Mirror Protocol
3 min protocol
1
Find the Sheen (30 seconds)Hold the golden sheen obsidian in both hands and tilt it slowly under any available light. Find the angle where the golden flash appears -- the broad, metallic glow that sweeps across the dark surface. It may take a moment. The sheen reveals itself only at specific angles, and finding it requires patience and attention. When the golden flash appears, stop. Hold the stone at that angle. Breathe naturally. You have found the mirror. The fact that you had to search for it is the first teaching: what is golden in you is not always visible from the default angle. Sometimes you have to tilt.
2
The Gaze (40 seconds)Look into the golden sheen. Not at it -- into it. Let your eyes soften and your focus move past the surface into the dark glass behind the golden flash. Breathe naturally. This is a scrying posture -- the same technique that Mesoamerican mirror-gazers used with polished obsidian. You are not looking for visions. You are looking for the feeling that arises when you hold your own gaze in a golden dark mirror. What comes up may be uncomfortable, revealing, or surprisingly warm. Do not analyze. Just notice. The golden sheen is doing the illumination. Your job is to stay present for what it reveals.
3
The Shadow Question (60 seconds)Place the stone against the solar plexus -- the center of personal identity, will, and ego. Close your eyes. Ask silently: "What am I hiding that is gold?" Do not answer from the mind. Let the belly answer. The solar plexus stores the felt sense of who you are and who you are allowed to be. Somewhere in that storage is something golden that was locked away -- a talent, a desire, a power, a truth about yourself that the world was not safe enough to express. Three breaths into the solar plexus. With each exhale, let the answer rise a little closer to the surface. You do not have to act on it. You only have to acknowledge it. The golden sheen is illuminating it whether you look or not.
4
Integration Breath (30 seconds)With the stone still on the solar plexus, Inhale through the nose for 5 counts. Exhale through the mouth for 5 counts, and as you exhale, say silently: "This is also me." Two full cycles. The phrase is not dramatic. It is a simple acknowledgment that the shadow material -- the golden quality you have been suppressing -- belongs to you. It is part of the whole reflection. The dark glass and the golden sheen are the same stone. Your presented self and your hidden self are the same person.
5
Placement in View (20 seconds)Place the golden sheen obsidian on your desk, nightstand, or any surface where you will see it throughout the day. Position it so that ambient light catches the sheen at least occasionally. Every time the golden flash catches your eye, let it be a one-second reminder: you are hiding something golden. Not something terrible. Something luminous. The performance can end when you are ready. The gold is patient. It has been waiting in the dark glass since the lava cooled, and it will wait for you.
Stone Intelligence
The fact that makes Golden Sheen Obsidian memorable
The golden sheen inside your obsidian is an accident of physics — gas bubbles caught in cooling lava, flattened by viscous flow, aligned by chance into parallel planes that happen to reflect golden light at the angle your eye is built to receive. The lava did not intend to make a mirror. The bubbles did not choose to align. But what emerged from that unplanned convergence is a material that shows you yourself in golden light — darkness with luminance in it, depth with surface in it, shadow with treasure in it.
Crystalis documents both the volcanology and the soul practice because the stone never separated them. The glass formed, the inclusions aligned, and the earth produced a mirror that has been waiting to show you your own gold since the day the volcano cooled.
LORE
Obsidian in Jalisco: a 10,000-year-old story
2024
HIST
Naturalis Historia, Book 36, Ch. 67 (De Obsiano)
77
HIST
The Curious Lore of Precious Stones
1913
SCI
Experimentally produced devitrification textures in natural rhyolitic glass
Geological Society of America Bulletin · 1971Read source
Ritual Use
From reference to practice
Golden Sheen Obsidian works primarily with the solar plexus chakra, with secondary influence on the root. Its unique quality in the obsidian family is the combination of obsidian's truth-telling intensity with a golden illumination that transforms confrontation into revelation. Where black obsidian is the mirror that shows you what you have been hiding, Golden Sheen Obsidian is the lantern that shows you what the hiding was protecting.
The Performance
You are performing a version of yourself that is exhausting to maintain. Every interaction is a show. calibrated, managed, curated. Your sympathetic system is in constant low-grade activation because the performance requires vigilance: monitoring how you are being perceived, adjusting the mask in real time, suppressing the parts that do not fit the character. You are tired but you cannot stop because stopping feels like exposure, and exposure feels like annihilation.
Golden Sheen Obsidian enters this state as the moment the spotlight catches something real behind the performance. a flash of gold in the dark glass, genuine and unrehearsed. The sheen does not demand that you drop the act. It shows you what you are hiding behind it. And what you are hiding is not ugly. It is golden.
Polyvagal context Chronic performance-based social engagement reflects sympathetic activation disguised as ventral vagal social behavior. The social smile is maintained through muscular effort rather than genuine warmth, and the nervous system is simultaneously engaging (performing) and defending (monitoring for social threat). Golden Sheen Obsidian's solar plexus activation addresses the power center that governs authenticity vs. performance. the question of whether your presence comes from conviction or from management.
Sacred Match
Sacred Match prescribes Golden Sheen Obsidian when you report:
Performing a version of yourself that costs too much energy
Hiding strengths rather than weaknesses
Fear of your own power or ambition
Ego disruption that needs integration, not repair
Shadow work that feels confrontational with black obsidian
Solar plexus dimmed by self-suppression
Sensing that what you are hiding is more golden than dark
Golden Sheen Obsidian finds you when the performance has become more exhausting than the truth it conceals. When you suspect -- but are not yet ready to confirm -- that the shadow you have been running from contains the very qualities you most need. This stone does not drag you into the dark. It brings a golden lantern. The sheen appears only at the right angle, and your life has tilted you to that angle.
What you see in the flash is not your failure. It is everything you suppressed because the world was not ready for it. The world may still not be ready. But you are.
Stones and herbs that harmonize with Golden Sheen Obsidian
Pairings are treated like a recipe file: clear use, method, and safety.
Crystal Companion
Golden Sheen Obsidian + Amethyst
Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.
Crystal Companion
Golden Sheen Obsidian + Rhodonite
Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.
Crystal Companion
Golden Sheen Obsidian + Clear Quartz
Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.
Crystal Companion
Golden Sheen Obsidian + Black Tourmaline
Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.
Black Obsidian
Black obsidian shows the shadow as it is. Golden Sheen Obsidian shows the gold within the shadow. Together they create a complete shadow-work toolkit: black obsidian for unflinching truth, golden sheen for the treasures hidden within that truth. This pairing is for advanced practitioners ready to see the full picture -- both what was hidden and what the hiding protected.
Citrine
Citrine brings solar plexus confidence to Golden Sheen Obsidian's shadow illumination. This pairing says: now that you have seen what was hidden, claim it. Citrine provides the solar warmth and self-assurance needed to integrate the shadow material into daily life. For people who have completed the seeing and are ready for the being.
Amethyst
Amethyst adds spiritual perspective and third eye clarity to Golden Sheen Obsidian's solar plexus shadow work. This pairing elevates shadow integration from a personal psychological exercise to a spiritual practice -- connecting the individual shadow with archetypal patterns, past-life threads, and the collective unconscious. For deep practitioners working with Jungian or transpersonal frameworks.
Rose Quartz
Shadow work without self-compassion becomes self-punishment. Rose quartz provides the unconditional warmth of the heart center while Golden Sheen Obsidian illuminates the solar plexus shadows. Together they ensure that what you discover about yourself is met with love rather than judgment. Essential for people whose shadow work tends toward self-criticism rather than self-integration.
Mahogany Obsidian
Two obsidian varieties, two different warm-dark combinations. Mahogany Obsidian warms the root and sacral with iron oxide. Golden Sheen warms the solar plexus with reflected gold. Together they build a warm foundation (mahogany) beneath a clear mirror (golden sheen) -- grounded shadow work that does not destabilize the base. For people who need to do inner work without losing their footing.
Care & Cleansing
How to keep Golden Sheen Obsidian in good condition
Water Safe?
Water safe
This stone is generally safe for short water contact, though polishing, fractures, and metal settings can still change how a specimen behaves.
Sunlight Safe?
Sunlight safe
Tolerates daylight; safe to charge or display in the sun.
Authenticity
What to check
Natural Golden Sheen Obsidian should usually feel cooler than plastic or resin on first touch and warm more slowly in the hand.
The #1 Question Can Golden Sheen Obsidian Go in Water? YES — WATER SAFE
Golden Sheen Obsidian can go in water. Golden Sheen Obsidian is volcanic glass (SiO 2 ), chemically identical to regular obsidian and equally inert in water. At Mohs 5-5. 5, it is hard enough to resist surface erosion. The golden sheen is an internal optical property caused by aligned inclusions within the glass — it cannot be washed away, faded, or diminished by water contact.
Running water rinse: completely safe
Brief soaking (up to 30 minutes): safe
Extended soaking: safe, though unnecessary
Salt water: use with caution — prolonged salt water contact can deposit salt in surface micro-textures
Gem water preparation: safe for direct method
As with all obsidian varieties, handle raw or unpolished specimens carefully when wet — conchoidal fracture edges are extremely sharp and become slippery when wet.
The golden sheen is most visible on polished surfaces, and water on the polished surface may temporarily alter the reflective angle. Dry the stone and the full sheen returns.
Temperature
Natural Golden Sheen Obsidian should usually feel cooler than plastic or resin on first touch and warm more slowly in the hand.
Scratch logic
Use 5 on the Mohs scale as the check, not internet myths. A real specimen should behave in line with the hardness listed above.
Surface and luster
Look for a vitreous surface quality rather than a painted or plastic shine.
Weight and density
The listed specific gravity is 2.35-2.60. If a specimen feels unusually light for its size, it may deserve a second look.
My Field Guide
Your private record and next steps
Journal
Add this stone to your private collection, then log what happened when you worked with it.
Shared Notes
Read public practice logs and pattern notes from the Crystalis community.
When members save a public field note for this stone, it will appear here.
Frequently Asked
Questions people ask about Golden Sheen Obsidian
What is Golden Sheen Obsidian?
Golden Sheen Obsidian is a variety of volcanic glass (SiO2) that displays a distinctive golden, metallic sheen across its dark surface when viewed at certain angles. The sheen is caused by aligned, flattened gas bubble inclusions or nanocrystalline mineral platelets within the glass that reflect light in a directional flash. It registers 5-5.5 on the Mohs scale and works primarily with the solar plexus chakra for shadow work, personal power recovery, and self-examination.
Can Golden Sheen Obsidian go in water?
Yes. Golden Sheen Obsidian is water safe. As a volcanic glass (SiO2) with Mohs 5-5.5 hardness, it is chemically inert and non-porous on polished surfaces. Brief rinses, soaking, and direct-method gem water preparation are all acceptable. The golden sheen effect is an internal optical property and will not be diminished by water contact.
What causes the golden sheen in Golden Sheen Obsidian?
The golden sheen is caused by internal reflections from aligned inclusions within the glass matrix. These inclusions are either flattened gas bubbles (vesicles) oriented parallel to flow bands during lava cooling, or nanocrystalline mineral platelets (possibly cristobalite or feldspar) that formed during incipient devitrification. The aligned inclusions act as tiny mirrors, reflecting light in a directional golden flash when the stone is tilted at the correct angle.
What is Golden Sheen Obsidian used for?
Golden Sheen Obsidian is primarily used for shadow work — the practice of examining hidden aspects of the self that have been repressed, denied, or projected onto others. Unlike black obsidian, which confronts shadows directly, Golden Sheen Obsidian illuminates them with golden light, making the examination feel like discovery rather than judgment. It is also used for solar plexus activation, ego examination, personal power recovery, and scrying.
Is Golden Sheen Obsidian the same as Gold Obsidian?
Yes, these names refer to the same material. 'Golden Sheen Obsidian,' 'Gold Sheen Obsidian,' and 'Gold Obsidian' are interchangeable trade names. All describe volcanic glass with an internal golden reflective sheen caused by aligned inclusions. It should not be confused with Mahogany Obsidian (which has brown iron oxide patches) or Gold-coated Obsidian (artificially treated surface coating).
Sources & Citations
Where this entry can be checked
Back Matter
Readable for people. Structured for AI search.
Sources stay visible in the page so readers, search engines, and answer systems can follow the evidence trail.
01
LORE
Obsidian in Jalisco: a 10,000-year-old story
Rodrigo Esparza. (2024). Obsidian in Jalisco: a 10,000-year-old story. [LORE]
02
HIST
Naturalis Historia, Book 36, Ch. 67 (De Obsiano)
Pliny the Elder. (77). Naturalis Historia, Book 36, Ch. 67 (De Obsiano). [HIST]
03
HIST
The Curious Lore of Precious Stones
Kunz, George Frederick. (1913). The Curious Lore of Precious Stones. [HIST]
04
SCI
Experimentally produced devitrification textures in natural rhyolitic glass
Micro-inclusions in obsidian: implications for bubble nucleation and growth
Ma, C. et al. (2001). Micro-inclusions in obsidian: implications for bubble nucleation and growth. Bulletin of Volcanology. [SCI]DOI 10.1007/s004450100126
06
SCI
Volcanic glasses, their origins and alteration processes
Friedman, I. & Long, W. (1984). Volcanic glasses, their origins and alteration processes. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. [SCI]DOI 10.1016/0022-3093(84)90144-3
07
LORE
A dark light: reflections on obsidian in Mesoamerica
Saunders, N.J. (2001). A dark light: reflections on obsidian in Mesoamerica. World Archaeology. [LORE]DOI 10.1080/00438240120079262
08
LORE
Geochemical evidence for the provenance of obsidian artifacts
Glascock, M.D. et al. (1998). Geochemical evidence for the provenance of obsidian artifacts. Latin American Antiquity. [LORE]DOI 10.2307/971727
