You have been using dull edges when the situation calls for something clean. Obsidian fractures conchoidally into edges sharper than surgical steel because it has no crystal structure to direct the break. No crystal lattice. That is why the edge is perfect.
Obsidian is a grounding stone traditionally used for protection, shadow work, and cutting through avoidance. In body-based practice, gripping obsidian activates...
Overview
The heart of the entry
A sharper cut is overdue. Obsidian is volcanic glass, amorphous and capable of a fracture edge so clean it has served...
Mineralogy
Amorphous
Obsidian is not a crystal. It is the absence of one. When rhyolitic lava erupts and cools slowly underground, atoms...
Formation
How it forms
Amorphous system — earth conditions, structure, and place.
Crystal system diagram represents the general amorphous classification. Diagram created by Crystalis for educational reference.
What your body knows
Self-Awareness
Obsidian is a grounding stone traditionally used for protection, shadow work, and cutting through avoidance. In body-based practice, gripping obsidian activates...
The Meaning
Obsidian in the Crystalis dictionary
A sharper cut is overdue.
Obsidian is volcanic glass, amorphous and capable of a fracture edge so clean it has served as blade material for millennia. Nothing about it blurs the line it makes.
Some endings want that much precision.
Stone Lore
Stories carried through time
Cultural notes are presented as tradition and historical context — stories carried through time.
Mesoamerica
Itztli: The Obsidian Deity
Obsidian was central to Mesoamerican civilization at every level: spiritual, military, economic. Tezcatlipoca ("Smoking Mirror") was depicted with an obsidian mirror replacing his foot, used for scrying and divination. The maquahuitl was lined with obsidian blades capable of decapitating a horse, according to Spanish accounts. Obsidian exchange networks connected the Central Mexican highlands to the Maya lowlands, the Pacific coast, and the Gulf.
Control of obsidian sources like Sierra de Pachuca shaped the political geography of Mesoamerica for millennia.
c. 1500 BCE - 1521 CE
Ritual history
Itztli: The Obsidian Deity
Obsidian was central to Mesoamerican civilization at every level: spiritual, military, economic. Tezcatlipoca ("Smoking Mirror") was depicted with an obsidian mirror replacing his foot, used for scrying and divination. The maquahuitl was...
Mesoamerica, c. 1500 BCE - 1521 CE
Historical note
The First Obsidian Trade Networks
At Çatalhöyük, obsidian was a primary tool material despite the nearest source being 190 km away. Polished obsidian mirrors have been recovered from Neolithic dwellings, among the earliest reflective surfaces in human history. Obsidian...
Ancient Anatolia, c. 7000 BCE
Historical note
The First Obsidian Trade Networks
At Çatalhöyük, obsidian was a primary tool material despite the nearest source being 190 km away. Polished obsidian mirrors have been recovered from Neolithic dwellings, among the earliest reflective surfaces in human history. Obsidian...
Ancient Anatolia, c. 7000 BCE
Ritual history
Mata'a: Eyes of the Moai
Obsidian was carved into mata'a spearpoints central to both ritual and warfare. The pupils of the monumental Moai statues were inlaid with obsidian, giving the figures their famous gaze. On an island with limited mineral resources,...
Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
Earth Record
Mineralogy and formation
Obsidian is not a crystal. It is the absence of one. When rhyolitic lava erupts and cools slowly underground, atoms have time to organize into repeating lattice structures: quartz, feldspar, mica. Minerals. Crystals. When that same lava hits the surface and cools rapidly, at the edge of a flow, on contact with water, in the blast of open air, the atoms freeze in place before they can organize. The result: natural glass. No crystal structure. No repeating pattern. Just solidified chaos with a composition identical to granite.
The speed of cooling is everything. Obsidian forms in seconds to minutes, not the thousands of years that crystals require.
Crystal system diagram represents the general amorphous classification. Diagram created by Crystalis for educational reference.
Amorphous structure
Chemical Formula
SiO2 (70-75%) + MgO, Fe3O4
Crystal System
Amorphous
Mohs Hardness
5
Specific Gravity
2.35-2.60
Luster
Vitreous
Color
Black, sometimes with sheen (purple, green, gold)
IMA Status
rock
IMA Number
None (rock, not IMA-approved mineral species)
01
Mineral conditions gather
02
Structure begins to crystallize
03
Obsidian records place and pressure
MexicoUSAIcelandTurkeyJapan
Telling it apart
Different Stones, Different Mechanisms
Both are called "protection stones." The mechanism is entirely different. Confusing them is like confusing a mirror with a sponge: one shows you what is there, the other absorbs it.
Obsidian
Structure: Amorphous (volcanic glass)
Fracture: Conchoidal (smooth, curved)
Luster: Vitreous (glassy)
Mohs: 5-5.5
Mechanism: Reflects. Mirror. Shows you your own shadow.
Best for: Shadow work, self-confrontation, cutting through avoidance
Black Tourmaline
Structure: Crystalline borosilicate (trigonal)
Fracture: Uneven to conchoidal
Luster: Vitreous to resinous
Mohs: 7-7.5
Mechanism: Absorbs. Sponge. Takes on external energy so you do not.
Best for: Boundary protection, EMF shielding, environmental energy management
The practical distinction: If the threat is internal (your own patterns, your own avoidance, your own shadow), obsidian. If the threat is external (someone else's energy, an overwhelming environment, boundary violations), black tourmaline. Obsidian turns the blade inward. Tourmaline builds the wall outward.
Obsidian Varieties
Snowflake Obsidian
White radial patterns of cristobalite that form as the glass slowly devitrifies over time. The "snowflakes" are the beginning of crystallization: obsidian slowly surrendering its amorphous state. In practice, snowflake obsidian is considered gentler than pure black, the balance pattern already visible in the stone.
Energy: Balance, patience, pattern recognition
Distinction: The "training wheels" obsidian for people who find pure black too intense
Rainbow Obsidian
Iridescent bands of purple, green, and gold caused by thin-film interference from aligned magnetite nanoparticles within the glass. The same physics as peacock feathers and oil films. The rainbow is visible only at specific angles in bright light.
Source: Primarily Jalisco, Mexico
Energy: Heart protection during shadow work. The rainbow adds a layer of emotional cushioning to obsidian's confrontational nature.
Collector value: Significantly higher than standard black obsidian. Quality specimens with vivid, full-spectrum banding command premium prices.
Mahogany Obsidian
Iron oxide banding creates warm brown-red streaks through the black glass. The iron content is higher and more visibly distributed than in standard black obsidian.
Energy: Grounding with warmth. For people who need obsidian's clarity without its coldness.
Gold Sheen, Silver Sheen & Apache Tear
Gold sheen: aligned gas bubble layers create a golden internal glow. Silver sheen: similar layered gas inclusions reflecting silver-white light instead of gold, often with a more subtle, mirror-like quality. Apache tear: rounded nodules of obsidian weathered from perlite matrix, named for the Western Apache. Naturally tumbled by geological process.
Silver sheen: Reflective and introspective. For mirror work, self-examination, and seeing patter
Spotting the real thing
Obsidian: volcanic glass, not a crystal. Conchoidal fracture producing extremely sharp edges. Mohs 5-5.
5. Specific gravity 2. 35-2.
60 (lighter than quartz). Vitreous luster. No crystal structure (amorphous).
If a claimed obsidian shows crystal faces or cleavage planes, it is not obsidian. The glassy fracture surface is diagnostic. Man-made glass can look similar but obsidian contains volcanic flow lines visible under magnification.
Numbing. Scrolling. Dissociating. You know something needs your attention and you have built an entire infrastructure to avoid looking at it. The television stays on. The phone stays in your hand. Sleep comes in excess or not at all. Everything is buffered. Nothing is direct.
Obsidian's role: Obsidian cuts through fog. The sharp-to-smooth tactile contrast of obsidian in the hand creates a sensory demand that competes with dissociative numbness. Your nervous system cannot simultaneously process the detailed sensation of volcanic glass edges and maintain the blank state of dorsal shutdown. The stone does not comfort. It interrupts. For someone deep in avoidance, comfort reinforces the pattern.
Interruption breaks it. The sharp edge against the pad of your thumb is a message from your body to your brain: you are here. Stop scrolling. Look.
Charged & on alert
The Avoidant Loop
You know something is wrong but you keep moving. Busy, productive, functional; and underneath, a truth you refuse to look at. The body runs hot. Sleep is shallow. You are outrunning something that lives inside you.
Black obsidian's mirror-like surface was used for scrying; literally, for looking at what is hidden. In practice, the act of sitting with a reflective black surface and asking a direct question interrupts the avoidance loop. It does not calm you. It stops the running.
Shut down & far away
The Hypervigilant Guard: Sympathetic
Scanning for threats. Never resting. Every room is assessed before you sit down. Every silence is suspect. The body runs at elevated alert continuously, burning cortisol, sleeping lightly, startling easily. You are exhausted from a war that ended years ago but your nervous system never got the ceasefire notice.
Obsidian's role: Obsidian absorbs the excess. The density of volcanic glass (specific gravity 2. 35-2. 60) provides substantial proprioceptive weight in the palm. Gripping and then deliberately releasing the stone creates a rhythmic cycle of tension and release that the nervous system reads as a controlled practice of vigilance followed by stand-down. Grip: alert. Release: safe. Grip: alert.
Release: safe. The body begins to learn that release is survivable. The stone's darkness, its opacity, its refusal to transmit light, registers in the body as containment. What you are holding can absorb what you cannot yet process.
Shut down & far away
The Obsidian Vault
Numbness that is not peace. You have pushed something so far down that you do not feel it anymore; but your body does. Fatigue without reason. A heaviness in the chest or gut that has no medical explanation. The truth is still there. You just stopped listening.
Obsidian does not let you stay numb. In traditional practice, it is used to bring suppressed material to the surface; not gently, but directly. The root chakra association grounds the process: truth rises through the body, not just the mind.
Settled & connected
The Shadow Standoff
You can see the thing you need to face, but you cannot move toward it. Stuck between knowing and acting. Part of you wants to confront it; part of you is terrified of what happens if you do. This is the threshold state; and obsidian is the threshold stone.
The Aztec god Tezcatlipoca; the Smoking Mirror; represented the confrontation with one's own shadow. Obsidian mirrors were tools for this exact standoff. In somatic practice, holding obsidian at the root while breathing through the freeze response supports the body in moving from paralysis to choice.
Settled & connected
The Grief Lock: Dorsal Vagal
Emotion trapped. Tears stuck. You know you need to cry and the cry will not come. The grief is there, behind a wall, pressing against your chest, locked behind a door your body sealed for its own protection. You feel pressure but no release. Fullness but no flow.
Obsidian's role: Obsidian cracks the seal. Placed at the sternum or held firmly in the dominant hand, obsidian's weight and sharp-edged presence create a focal point that draws attention directly to the site of blockage. The practice is confrontational by design: obsidian does not work around resistance. It presses into it. For grief locked behind dorsal shutdown, the stone's demand for attention can provide the precise stimulus that tips frozen emotion into movement.
One tear. One sound. One crack in the wall. That is all obsidian needs to open. The stone is volcanic glass: it knows about pressure that needs release.
Charged & on alert
The Rage Spiral: Sympathetic Overload
Anger feeding anger, no off switch. The loop tightens with each repetition: the thought triggers the feeling, the feeling amplifies the thought, the body escalates. Jaw locked. Fists clenched. The anger has stopped being useful and started being a trap.
Obsidian's role: Obsidian grounds the circuit. Gripping obsidian firmly and pressing feet flat on the floor creates a dual-channel grounding pathway: proprioceptive input through the hand and through the soles simultaneously. This divides the nervous system's attention between two physical contact points, breaking the single-track loop of rage. The stone provides a safe container for the grip impulse that rage produces.
Squeeze the stone, not the steering wheel, not your own jaw. The volcanic glass absorbs pressure without breaking. It was born under pressure far greater than yours." obsidian,5,mixed,The Shadow Encounter: Ventral into Dorsal,"Seeing your own pattern clearly for the first time. The moment when self-awareness catches the behavior mid-act: the lie you tell yourself, the defense you run on autopilot, the version of you that operates when you are not watching.
This is uncomfortable. This is essential.
Obsidian's role: Obsidian holds the mirror. Across cultures, from Aztec Tezcatlipoca to modern shadow work, obsidian has served as the material of self-confrontation. The stone's glassy surface literally reflects. The practice of gazing into polished obsidian while holding a question creates a body-based anchor for the psychological process of self-examination. The stone does not look away.
It reflects exactly what is placed before it, without distortion, without kindness, without the softening filter your ego prefers. Shadow work requires a witness that will not flinch. Obsidian is that witness.
These associations come from tradition and reflective practice — a way of working with the stone, not a medical prescription.
Somatic Practice
Simple ways to work with Obsidian
◇
Hold
Carry Obsidian in a pocket or place it over the heart center during a pause.
◌
Meditate
Let the stone become a quiet tactile anchor while the breath slows.
☽
Breathe
Breathe in softness. Breathe out tension. Keep the practice simple.
✎
Journal
Write with Obsidian nearby to name the feeling without forcing a conclusion.
✋
Bodywork
Rest the stone near the chest, hand, or bedside as a reminder to soften.
⌂
Environment
Place it where you want a visual cue for care, repair, or steadiness.
Field Instruction
The Mirror
What you name, you can work with. What stays unnamed stays in charge.
3 min protocol
1
Seated, feet flat on the floor. Hold obsidian in your dominant hand. The hand that acts. Grip the stone firmly. Feel every edge, every smooth plane. Notice the temperature: obsidian starts cool and warms slowly against skin. Run your thumb across the surface. Find where smooth becomes sharp. That boundary is the practice. Stay on it.
2
Close your eyes. Ask: what am I avoiding? Wait. Do not answer from your head. Wait for the image, the word, the sensation that rises from below. The first thing that appears is the answer. Do not edit it. Do not soften it. Do not explain it away. Obsidian does not negotiate. Neither does the truth it surfaces.
3
Squeeze the stone once, hard, then release to a light hold. That release is the practice. Gripping is the pattern. Releasing is the reset. The proprioceptive shift from maximum grip to light hold sends a signal through your nervous system: you can hold tightly and still let go. Tension is not required for safety. One squeeze. One release. The entire lesson.
4
Open your eyes. Set the stone down deliberately. Name what you saw. One sentence. Spoken aloud. Not thought, spoken. The vibration of your own voice completing the circuit from body awareness to conscious acknowledgment. What you name, you can work with. What stays unnamed stays in charge. Set the stone down with intention. The practice is over. What you found is yours to carry or to set down.
Stone Intelligence
The fact that makes Obsidian memorable
Not a crystal. The absence of one. Rhyolitic lava that cooled too fast for atoms to organize.
No repeating structure, no lattice, no crystal faces. Volcanic glass. The science documents what happens when the cooling is faster than the chemistry can follow.
The practice asks what it means to hold something that chose speed over structure.
SCI
An experimental crystallization of the Macusani obsidian in a thermal gradient with applications to lithium-rich granitic pegmatites
Obsidian for Breaking Through Avoidance: When numbing, scrolling, and dissociating have become an infrastructure to avoid looking at something, hold obsidian in your dominant hand. The sharp-to-smooth tactile contrast creates a sensory demand that competes with dissociative numbness. Your nervous system cannot simultaneously process the detailed sensation of volcanic glass edges and maintain the blank state of dorsal shutdown. The stone does not comfort. It interrupts.
Obsidian Confrontation Protocol: Seated, feet flat. Grip the stone firmly. Find where smooth becomes sharp. That boundary is the practice. Close your eyes. Ask: what am I avoiding? Wait for the image, the word, the sensation that rises from below. Do not edit it. Squeeze the stone once, hard, then release to a light hold. That release is the practice. Gripping is the pattern. Releasing is the reset. Open your eyes. Name what you saw. One sentence. Spoken aloud.
Obsidian for Hypervigilance Release: When every room is assessed before you sit down and every silence is suspect, grip and deliberately release obsidian in a rhythmic cycle. Grip: alert. Release: safe. Grip: alert. Release: safe. This controlled practice of tension and release teaches the nervous system that vigilance is a choice, not a permanent state.
Sacred Match
Sacred Match prescribes Obsidian when you report:
Avoiding / numbing
Hypervigilant
Grief-locked
Rage looping
Seeing your pattern
Needing truth
Sacred Match prescribes obsidian when the diagnostic reveals a nervous system running avoidance protocols. The query detects the pattern: the body is present but awareness is elsewhere. Obsidian is prescribed because it demands attention. Sharp edges on an amorphous form: the paradox of something structureless that cuts with absolute precision.
Avoiding -> numbing to protect -> seeking the cut that wakes up
Pairings are treated like a recipe file: clear use, method, and safety.
Crystal Companion
Obsidian + Amethyst
Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.
Crystal Companion
Obsidian + Rhodonite
Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.
Crystal Companion
Obsidian + Clear Quartz
Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.
Crystal Companion
Obsidian + Black Tourmaline
Use when
You want to layer the primary intention with another supportive tone.
How to work with it
Place the stones together during meditation, journaling, or a short reset.
Safety
Use as a reflective practice tool, not as a medical substitute.
Clear Quartz
Obsidian reveals. Quartz illuminates what was found. After obsidian surfaces the shadow, clear quartz amplifies clarity around it, turning a vague shape into a detailed understanding. Use obsidian first (grip, question, release), then hold clear quartz while processing what surfaced. The sequence matters: excavation before illumination.
Rose Quartz
Shadow work with a heart safety net. Obsidian cuts, rose quartz holds. For anyone doing deep self-confrontation work who needs compassion available after the blade does its job. Obsidian in the dominant hand (the hand that acts), rose quartz in the receiving hand. Cut and comfort. See and be held. This is the pairing for trauma processing where the truth needs to emerge and the nervous system needs to survive the seeing.
Selenite
Cut and cleanse in one session. Obsidian excavates, selenite purifies what was unearthed. For energetic hygiene after heavy clearing work. Use obsidian during the practice, then place it on selenite and hold selenite for 5 minutes after. The obsidian did the surgery. The selenite does the suturing.
Smoky Quartz
Grounding pair for deep emotional excavation. Both stones pull energy downward. Smoky quartz transmutes dense energy while obsidian surfaces it. Together, they create a channel: up from the shadow, down through the root, out through the earth. For heavy processing sessions, grief work, and ancestral pattern release.
Pairing Cautions
Obsidian + Moldavite: Avoid. Moldavite's high-frequency activation combined with obsidian's shadow-surfacing intensity can produce emotional overwhelm that exceeds the nervous system's processing capacity. Both stones are powerful accelerants. Running them simultaneously is the energetic equivalent of pressing the accelerator and removing the brakes. Experienced practitioners only, and only with support.
Care & Cleansing
How to keep Obsidian in good condition
Water Safe?
Water safe
This stone is generally safe for short water contact, though polishing, fractures, and metal settings can still change how a specimen behaves.
Sunlight Safe?
Sunlight safe
Tolerates daylight; safe to charge or display in the sun.
Authenticity
What to check
Natural Obsidian should usually feel cooler than plastic or resin on first touch and warm more slowly in the hand.
The #1 Question
Can Obsidian Go in Water? Yes, with caution
The Full Answer
Obsidian scores 5-5. 5 on the Mohs hardness scale. It is volcanic glass with no internal porosity and no water-soluble mineral components. Water will not dissolve it or structurally damage it. Safe: Brief rinsing under cool running water (30-60 seconds). Polished, tumbled obsidian is fully water-safe for cleansing rinses.
Caution:
Raw obsidian + water = dangerous handling. The sharp edges of raw, unpolished obsidian become slippery when wet. Sharp + slippery requires careful handling. Thermal shock: Obsidian is glass. Rapid temperature changes (hot water to cold, or the reverse) can cause fractures. Cool water only. Prolonged soaking: Unnecessary. Over geological time, obsidian hydrates (absorbs water into its structure), which is the basis of obsidian hydration dating .
Brief rinses pose zero risk. Sun safety: Obsidian does not fade. Unlike rose quartz or amethyst, obsidian's color comes from iron content and its glass structure, neither of which is photosensitive. The only caution: dark obsidian absorbs heat rapidly in direct sun. Handle carefully after sun exposure. Brief sunlight is a valid charging method.
Temperature
Natural Obsidian should usually feel cooler than plastic or resin on first touch and warm more slowly in the hand.
Scratch logic
Use 5 on the Mohs scale as the check, not internet myths. A real specimen should behave in line with the hardness listed above.
Surface and luster
Look for a vitreous surface quality rather than a painted or plastic shine.
Weight and density
The listed specific gravity is 2.35-2.60. If a specimen feels unusually light for its size, it may deserve a second look.
My Field Guide
Your private record and next steps
Journal
Add this stone to your private collection, then log what happened when you worked with it.
Shared Notes
Read public practice logs and pattern notes from the Crystalis community.
When members save a public field note for this stone, it will appear here.
Frequently Asked
Questions people ask about Obsidian
What does obsidian do?
Obsidian is a protection and grounding stone traditionally used for shadow work, emotional release, psychic shielding, and truth-telling. In somatic practice, gripping obsidian activates proprioceptive grounding through its sharp edges and dense weight, engaging the nervous system's alerting-then-settling response. The stone's volcanic origin and glass-smooth surfaces create a tactile contrast (sharp edge to smooth plane) that demands focused attention, pulling awareness back into the body.
Documented in traditional use across Mesoamerican, Anatolian, Polynesian, and Japanese cultures for thousands of years.
Is black obsidian safe to put in water?
Yes, black obsidian can handle brief water rinses for cleansing. At Mohs 5-5.5 it is durable enough for short contact with water, though prolonged soaking is not recommended as it may dull the surface polish over time.
What is the difference between black obsidian and black onyx?
They are completely different materials. Black obsidian is volcanic glass (amorphous, no crystal structure) formed by rapid lava cooling. Black onyx is a banded variety of chalcedony (microcrystalline quartz) with a trigonal crystal system. Obsidian has conchoidal fracture and glassy luster; onyx has a waxy luster and parallel banding.
Can obsidian go in water?
Yes, with caution. Obsidian scores 5-5.5 on the Mohs hardness scale and has no internal porosity, making it safe for brief water rinsing. Polished tumbled obsidian is fully water-safe. Raw obsidian requires careful handling when wet because sharp edges become slippery. Avoid prolonged soaking (unnecessary) and never use hot water, which can cause thermal shock fractures in glass.
What chakra is obsidian?
Obsidian is associated with the root chakra (Muladhara), the first energy center at the base of the spine. In somatic terms, this corresponds to the pelvic floor and lower body, where the nervous system anchors its sense of physical safety and survival. This is why obsidian practices focus on grounding: feet on the floor, stone in the dominant hand, attention pulled downward into the body.
Can black obsidian go in sunlight?
Yes. Black obsidian is safe in sunlight. Its dark coloring comes from iron and magnesium oxides that are stable and will not fade with UV exposure.
How can I tell if my black obsidian is real?
Real black obsidian has conchoidal fracture (smooth, curved breaks), a glassy luster, and feels cool to the touch. It is slightly translucent at thin edges. If it looks perfectly uniform with no depth, feels warm or plasticky, or lacks any translucency at edges, it may be black glass or plastic.
How do you cleanse obsidian?
Five methods: (1) Running water: hold under cool running water for 30-60 seconds. (2) Moonlight: place on a windowsill overnight. (3) Sound: singing bowl or tuning fork for 2-3 minutes. (4) Smoke cleansing: pass through sage, palo santo, or cedar smoke. (5) Selenite plate: place on selenite for 4-6 hours. Obsidian does not fade in sunlight, so brief sun charging is also safe, though the stone absorbs heat rapidly and should be handled carefully afterward.
Sources & Citations
Where this entry can be checked
Back Matter
Readable for people. Structured for AI search.
Sources stay visible in the page so readers, search engines, and answer systems can follow the evidence trail.
01
SCI
An experimental crystallization of the Macusani obsidian in a thermal gradient with applications to lithium-rich granitic pegmatites
London, D. (2023). An experimental crystallization of the Macusani obsidian in a thermal gradient with applications to lithium-rich granitic pegmatites. American Mineralogist. [SCI]DOI 10.2138/am-2022-8674
02
SCI
Rare-earth partition between allanite and glass in the obsidian of Sandy Braes, Northern Ireland
Brooks, C.K., Henderson, P., Rønsbo, J.G. (1981). Rare-earth partition between allanite and glass in the obsidian of Sandy Braes, Northern Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine. [SCI]DOI 10.1180/minmag.1981.044.334.07
03
SCI
The effect of crushing on the release of volatile components from heated obsidian
Price, W.F., Huntingdon, A.T., Bailey, D.K. (1977). The effect of crushing on the release of volatile components from heated obsidian. Mineralogical Magazine. [SCI]DOI 10.1180/minmag.1977.041.320.27
04
HIST
The Curious Lore of Precious Stones
Kunz, George Frederick. (1913). The Curious Lore of Precious Stones. [HIST]
05
HIST
Naturalis Historia, Book 36/37
Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia, Book 36/37. [HIST]
06
LORE
Aztec obsidian sourcing at Templo Mayor
Diego Matadamas-Gomora et al. (2025). Aztec obsidian sourcing at Templo Mayor. [LORE]
07
SCI
Viscosity and Glass Transition in Amorphous Oxides
Ojovan, M.I. & Bowick, M. (2009). Viscosity and Glass Transition in Amorphous Oxides. Advances in Condensed Matter Physics. [SCI]DOI 10.1155/2008/817829
08
LORE
Formative Period Obsidian Exchange along the Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica
Ebert, C.E. et al. (2014). Formative Period Obsidian Exchange along the Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica. Archaeometry. [LORE]DOI 10.1111/arcm.12095
09
LORE
Obsidian Subsource Identification in the Sierra de Pachuca and Otumba Volcanic Regions, Central Mexico
Argote-Espino, D. et al. (2012). Obsidian Subsource Identification in the Sierra de Pachuca and Otumba Volcanic Regions, Central Mexico. Geoarchaeology. [LORE]DOI 10.1002/gea.21389
10
LORE
The Importance of Chert in Central Anatolia: Lessons from the Neolithic Assemblage at Çatalhöyük
Nazaroff, A.J. et al. (2013). The Importance of Chert in Central Anatolia: Lessons from the Neolithic Assemblage at Çatalhöyük. Geoarchaeology. [LORE]DOI 10.1002/gea.21446
11
SCI
Surgical advances in the stone age: Unveiling the art of healing
Segelcke, D. et al. (2024). Surgical advances in the stone age: Unveiling the art of healing. World Journal of Surgery. [SCI]DOI 10.1002/wjs.12459
